What is a potential severe consequence of untreated gestational diabetes for the fetus?

Macrosomia, which refers to a larger than average birth weight, is a significant consequence of untreated gestational diabetes in the fetus. When a pregnant individual has elevated blood sugar levels due to gestational diabetes, the excess glucose can cross the placenta to the fetus. The fetus processes this glucose, leading to increased insulin production, resulting in greater overall growth. This can cause the baby to grow excessively larger than normal by the time of delivery, a condition known as macrosomia.

Macrosomia can have several implications for both the mother and the baby during and after delivery. For instance, a larger baby may increase the risk of trauma during birth, necessitating the use of interventions such as cesarean delivery. It may also lead to complications including shoulder dystocia, where the baby's shoulder becomes lodged after the head is delivered. Additionally, macrosomia can increase the likelihood of metabolic issues for the newborn, such as low blood sugar levels after birth.

The other options do not align with the primary risks associated with untreated gestational diabetes focused specifically on fetal consequences. Preterm labor can result from various conditions and is not directly linked to gestational diabetes, while low birth weight is typically associated with undernutrition or other complications rather than gestational diabetes. Fetal alcohol syndrome